For the first time ever, scientists have discovered chiral molecules beyond our solar system – an essential molecular structure for the formation of living organisms.
Chiral molecules – compounds that come in otherwise identical mirror image variations, like a pair of human hands — are crucial to life as we know it. Living things are selective about which “handedness” of a molecule they use or produce.
For example, all living things exclusively use the right-handed form of the sugar ribose (the backbone of DNA), and grapes exclusively synthesize the left-handed form of the molecule tartaric acid. While homochirality — the use of only one handedness of any given molecule — is evolutionarily advantageous, it is unknown how life chose the molecular handedness seen across the biosphere.
“Homochirality is one of the most interesting properties of life as we know it,” says Geoffrey Blake (PhD ’86), professor of cosmochemistry and planetary sciences and professor of chemistry at CalTech. “How did it come to be that all living things use one enantiomer of a particular amino acid, for example, over another? If we could run the tape of life again, would the same enantiomers be selected through a deterministic process, or is a random choice made that depends on a tiny imbalance of one handedness over the other? If there is life elsewhere in the universe, based on the biochemistry we know, will it use the same enantiomers?”
To help answer these questions, scientists searched one particular molecular cloud, called Sagittarius B2(N), for chiral molecules with a radio telescope. An examination of spectrum data across a broad range of radio frequencies revealed the signature of a chiral molecule called propylene oxide (CH3CHOCH2). Follow-up studies with another radio telescope in Australia confirmed the findings.
“It’s the first molecule detected in space that has the property of chirality, making it a pioneering leap forward in our understanding of how prebiotic molecules are made in space and the effects they may have on the origins of life,” says Brandon Carroll, co-first author on the paper and a graduate student in Blake’s research group. “While the technique we used does not tell us about the abundance of each enantiomer, we expect this work to enable future observations that will let us understand a great deal more about chiral molecules, the origins of homochirality, and the origins of life in general.”
Propylene oxide is a useful molecule to study because it is relatively small compared to biomolecules such as amino acids; larger molecules are more difficult to detect with radio astronomy, but have been seen in meteorites and comets formed at the birth of the solar system. Though propylene oxide is not utilized in living organisms, its presence in space is a signpost for the existence of other chiral molecules.
“The past few years of exoplanetary science have told us there are millions of solar system-like environments in our galaxy alone, and thousands of nearby young stars around which planets are being born,” says Blake. “The detection of propylene oxide, and the future projects it enables, lets us begin to ask the question–does interstellar prebiotic chemistry plant the primordial cosmic seeds that determine the handedness of life?”
Image credit: NASA
